In this research, the organelle damage, apoptosis and necrosis induced by PM2.5, BC and Kaolin were studied using human bronchial epithelial (16HBE) cells. PM2.5, BC and Kaolin all induce cell death, LDH release and excess intracellular ROS generation. For the organelle injuries, Kaolin and high-dose PM2.5 (240 μg/mL) cause lysosomal acidification, but BC causes lysosomal alkalization (lysosomal membrane permeabilization, LMP). BC and Kaolin cause the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), while PM2.5 does not. For the cell death mode, PM2.5 causes both apoptosis and necrosis. However only necrosis has been detected in the BC and Kaolin treated groups, indicating the more severe cellular insult. Excess ROS generation is involved in the organelle damage and cell death. ROS contributes to the BC-induced LMP and necrosis, but does not significantly affect the Kaolin-induced MMP loss and necrosis. Therefore, the BC component in PM2.5 may cause cytotoxicity via ROS-dependent pathways, the Kaolin component may damage cells via ROS-independent mechanisms such as strong interaction. The PM2.5-induced apoptosis and necrosis can be partially mitigated after the removal of ROS, indicating the existence of both the ROS-dependent and ROS-independent mechanisms due to the complicated PM2.5 components. BC represents the anthropogenic source component in PM2.5, while Kaolin represents the natural source component. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/abt-199.html Our results provide knowledge on the toxic mechanisms of typical PM2.5 components at the cellular and subcellular levels.Diminishing freshwater (FW) supplies necessitate the reuse of treated wastewater (TWW) for various purposes, like irrigation of agricultural lands. However, there is a growing concern that irrigation with TWW may transfer antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) to the soil and crops. We hypothesized that TWW irrigation would increase the prevalence of antibiotic residues together with the corresponding ARGs in the irrigated soil. We further predicted that soil texture, especially pH, clay content, and organic matter variabilities, would change the antibiotic residues concentrations and thus ARGs dissemination. To test our predictions, three soils types (loamy-sand, loam, and clay) were irrigated with two water types (FW and TWW), over two consecutive seasons. We monitored physico-chemical parameters, the abundance of seven antibiotic residues, and their corresponding ARGs together with class 1 integron (intI1) in 54 water and soil samples collected at the end of the field experiments. The results revealed increase in antibiotics concentrations and ARGs relative abundance in TWW than FW. Yet, in the soil ARGs relative abundances were independent of the irrigation water quality, but dependent on the soil type, especially the clay content. Further, there were no clear associations between the targeted antibiotics or the presence of heavy metals and ARGs' relative abundance in the water or soil samples. Therefore, our results question the link between the discharge of antibiotics and heavy metals, and the dissemination of ARGs in soil environments.The production and emission of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in sewer systems is associated with the corrosion of sewer structures and harmful odour. Numerous studies have been conducted to find the best solution to overcome this issue. The pH plays a critical role not only on microbial and chemical processes that are responsible for all processes of corrosion but also on the efficiency of several control methods. This paper first critically reviews the literature on the interplay between pH and various chemical and microbial in-sewer processes, followed by a review of the control methods that depend on pH or indirectly alter pH. The paper argues that proper evaluation of each method should include the impact the control method has on downstream processes. This paper concludes the raising of pH has several benefits but is operationally difficult to implement. It also emphasises single control method may not be as efficient as combination of one or two methods in controlling the production and emission of H2S. Finally, the research requirements and future directions in relation to emerging and potential methods that are not heavily reliant on pH control are discussed.The temporal and spatial characteristics of turbulent transfer and diffusion coefficient of PM2.5 (KC) were investigated by determining the deviation, turbulent flux and form of universal function of PM2.5 mass concentrations. Turbulence and sounding observations from December 8-25, 2019, of three sites, Tuonan, Baoding, and Renqiu stations in the North China Plain were selected. Mean PM2.5 mass fluxes during the intensive observational period of three stations were negative. The spatial distribution of PM2.5 mass flux of three stations showed no obvious tendency. Then, the fact that PM2.5 mass concentrations satisfied the Monin-Obukhov similarity were reconfirmed by examining the relationship between the normalized standard deviation of PM2.5 mass concentrations and stability factor ζ. Thus, the universal functions in the three stations were achieved. The time series and profiles of KC in the three stations were also shown. There was a good inverse correlation between KC and PM2.5 mass concentration which sus concentrations, and Baoding always had the largest PM2.5 mass concentrations.Preservatives are essential additives in dishwashing detergents and wet wipes. Ensuring the safe use of preservatives in products is important for public health, as some preservatives are associated with health issues. In this study, the content of 12 preservatives in 105 dishwashing detergents and 105 wet wipes was determined, where these compounds are commonly found, among consumer products. A realistic exposure estimation was considered by using Korean consumer-specific exposure parameters for adults and babies. A probabilistic risk assessment was conducted by applying the Monte Carlo simulation method. Benzoic acid (41%) and cetylpyridinium chloride (30%) were the most commonly used preservatives in dishwashing detergents and wet wipes, respectively, although their content in different products (benzoic acid 0.28-19.4 mg/g in dishwashing detergents; cetylpyridinium chloride 0.003-0.64 mg/g in wet wipes) varied widely. The calculated median and upper-limit margin of safety (MOS) values related to systemic health effects and skin sensitization from exposure to preservatives largely exceeded the target MOS, which confirmed the safety of the products.